Ozone Hole Opened Over The Arctic

Ozone Layer cartoon

Ozone is Earth's natural sunscreen, shielding life from excessive amounts of ultraviolet radiation. But Earth's ozone layer has been damaged by well-intentioned chemicals - chlorofluorocarbons, used for refrigerants and aerosol spray-cans - that have the unintended consequence of destroying ozone molecules.


A huge Arctic ozone hole opened up over the Northern Hemisphere for the first time this year, an international research team.


The hole covered 2 million square kilometres - about twice the size of Ontario - and allowed high levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation to hit large swaths of northern Canada, Europe and Russia, the 29 scientists say.


The discovery of the "unprecedented" hole comes as the Canadian government is moving to reduce staff in what Environment Minister Peter Kent calls the "streamlining" of its ozone monitoring network.


Environment Canada scientists say the "chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was - for the first time in the observation record - comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole."


It also highlights the importance of Environment Canada's ozone networks, which scientists have warned could be drastically reduced. Department officials say ozone monitoring will continue but will be "streamlined" to eliminate "redundancy."


The scientists say maintaining "comprehensive" data is "critical" to understanding Arctic ozone depletion and the threats it poses.


They used U.S. and European satellites, along with ground stations and scientific balloons - including those operated by Environment Canada - to find and track the hole. "The satellites, ground stations and balloons each provide a piece of the puzzle", says co-author Kaley Walker, at the University of Toronto. "It is important to have them all."

The peak of the Ozone Layer in late March

The hole formed over the Arctic in February and March, then swung across northern Canada, northern Europe and Central Russia to northern Asia, prompting scientists to issue warnings this spring about excess radiation.


A report shows just how big and remarkable the hole was and how it moved. It also points to what scientists are calling "ominous" changes in the Arctic stratosphere, about 20 kilometres above the surface, which may be linked to climate change and increasing greenhouse gas emissions.


The ozone-destroying chlorine compounds have been banned internationally, but they are so "long-lived" the scientists expect them to stay in the atmosphere for decades. Scietists say it will likely be about 70 years - "a full generation of humans" - before the chlorine compounds disappear from the atmosphere. Meantime a cooling trend in the stratosphere, which is thought to be tied to increasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, could create more ozone holes.


They also say "more acute Arctic ozone destruction could exacerbate biological risks from increased ultraviolet radiation exposure, especially if the vortex shifted over densely populated midlatitudes, as it did in April 2011." The "polar vortex" is the frigid air mass that circles the polar region in winter and can dip as far south as New York and Rome.

I love the Ozone Layer sticker

The lowest value (deepest hole) ever recorded was 73 Dobson Units on September 30, 1994, while the broadest hole occurred on September 29, 2000, when the ozone-depleted area stretched 29.9 million square kilometers. The record for mean size of the ozone hole - the greatest extent over a one-month window - was September 7 to October 13, 2006, when the hole reached 26.2 million square kilometers. The mean ozone hole in 2010 was 22.2 million square kilometers.




In 2010 report, the science advisers to the Montreal Protocol found that:


- Global ozone and ozone in the Arctic and Antarctic is no longer decreasing, but is not yet increasing.


- The ozone layer outside the Polar Regions is projected to recover to its pre-1980 levels some time before the middle of this century. The recovery might be accelerated by greenhouse gas-induced cooling of the upper stratosphere.


- The ozone hole over the Antarctic is expected to recover much later.


- The impact of the Antarctic ozone hole on surface climate is becoming evident in surface temperature and wind patterns.


- At mid-latitudes, surface ultraviolet radiation has been about constant over the last decade.




Ozone hole 2011, compared to previous years:

Strong Quake Jolts Japan

Map of Japan

A strong earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 6.1 jolted central and eastern Japan on Monday, but it did not issue a tsunami alert.

Series of earthquakes keep jolting the earth! Two weeks ago we wrote about quake that hit Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan.


The quake, which occurred at 11:58 p.m. (10:58 a.m. EDT), was also felt in Tokyo. There were no immediate reports of injuries or damage.

The focus of the tremor was 20 km (12 miles) below the surface of the earth, off the coast of Shizuoka prefecture, about 200 km west of Tokyo, the Meteorological Agency said.

All reactors at Chubu Electric Power's Hamaoka nuclear power plant in Shizuoka are shut after Prime Minister Naoto Kan called for its closure, citing research showing that the area is at particularly high risk for a major earthquake within the next few decades.

No abnormalities have been reported from the Hamaoka plant, public broadcaster NHK reported, citing the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency.

This is another strong earthquake that jolted Japan after the destructive quake hit on March 11.
It was one of the most powerful and massive earthquakes in the last years.
An earthquake with magnitute around 9 (Richter) jolted the east cost of Japan, causing great damages, triggering an enormous tsunami and killing hundreds. This earthquake will be remembered as the most destructive quake in Japan's history. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was badly damaged after the earthquake, followed by the tsunami. 

This series of massive quakes changed so many lives.

We are with you Japan! Stay strong!

Fat Cells for Broken Hearts

A company is testing whether stem cells from fat could help prevent long-term damage after a heart attack.

Too much fat around the waist may be bad for your health, but the stem cells it contains might one day save your life. Starting this month, a new European trial aims to determine whether stem cells harvested from a person's own fat, delivered shortly after a heart attack, could prevent some of the cardiac muscle damage that results from blocked arteries.

During a heart attack, blood vessels that deliver blood to the heart muscle are blocked, and the lack of oxygen slowly kills the tissue. San Diego-based Cytoryi Therapeutics has developed a treatment that aims to prevent much of that muscle damage before it starts. It works by injecting a concentrated slurry of stem cells and other regenerative cells isolated from the patient's body directly into the heart's main artery within 24 hours after an attack. "Time is muscle. The quicker you get in, the better," says Christopher Calhoun, Cytori's chief executive officer. "You can't do anything about dead tissue, but tissue that's bruised and damaged—that's revitalizable. If you can get new blood flow in there, that tissue comes back to life."

Adult stem cells, which exist in small populations throughout the body, can differentiate to form specific tissue types and are responsible for repairing injuries and replacing dying cells. The prospect of using them to heal damaged heart muscle has tantalized biomedical researchers for more than two decades. If the stem cells come from a patient's own body, there is no risk of rejection. A number of clinical trials in recent years have focused on using stem cells collected from bone marrow, since this potent population can differentiate into both cardiac muscle cells and blood vessel cells, among other types. But marrow stem cells are difficult to collect and somewhat scarce; they must be isolated and then grown in culture before they're injected back into an injured heart. The process can take weeks.

Cytori has created a portable machine that, in less than an hour, can reduce a sample of fat "about the size of a can of Coke," Calhoun says, to less than a teaspoon of concentrated slurry that Cytori believes contains its most vital elements: stem cells, smooth muscle cells, cells that line blood vessels, and a number of other regenerative cells that can promote growth healing.

Cytori began a large-scale trial this month and hopes to test the procedure on 360 patients. The company aims to start large-scale clinical trials on heart attack patients in the United States by 2014 and on patients with chronic heart failure even earlier than that.

But it's still early. Clinical trials of stem cells derived from bone marrow have shown mixed results in treating heart disease, and it's unclear whether fat-derived cells will fare better. "If it works, it would be wonderful to have a ready-made source of autologous stem cells," says Richard Schatz, research director of cardiovascular interventions at Scripps Health in San Diego, one of the inventors of the coronary stent. But he and others note that it will take many more trials to determine how effective Cytori's methods are compared with treatments based on marrow stem cells.