Particles Travel Faster Than Light

Neutron, illustration

Physicists reported that sub-atomic particles called neutrinos can travel faster than light, a finding that - if verified - would blast a hole in Einstein's theory of relativity.


Physicists have found that tiny particles called neutrinos are making a 454-mile (730-kilometer) underground trip faster than they should — more quickly, in fact, than light could do. If the results are confirmed, they could throw much of modern physics into upheaval.


In experiments conducted between the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland and a laboratory in Italy, the tiny particles were clocked at 300,006 kilometres per second, about six km/sec faster that the speed of light, the researchers said.


"This result comes as a complete surprise" said physicist Antonio Ereditato, spokesman for the experiment, known as OPERA. "We wanted to measure the speed of neutrinos, but we didn't expect to find anything special."


Results from the CERN laboratory in Switzerland seem to break this cardinal rule of physics, calling into question one of the most trusted laws discovered by Albert Einstein.

Speed of Light, illustration

Scientists spent nearly six months "checking, testing, controlling and rechecking everything" before making an announcement.


Researchers involved in the experiments were cautious in describing its implications, and called on physicists around the world to scrutinise their data, to be made available online overnight.


But the findings, they said, could potentially reshape our understanding of the physical world.


"If this measurement is confirmed, it might change our view of physics" said CERN research director Sergio Bertolucci, a view echoed by several independent physicist contacted by AFP.


In the experiments, scientists blasted a beam producing billions upon billions of neutrinos from CERN, which straddles the French-Swiss border near Geneva, to the Gran Sasso Laboratory 730 kilometres away in Italy.


Neutrinos are electrically neutral particles so small that only recently were they found to have mass.


"The neutrinos arrived 60 nanoseconds earlier that the 2.3 milliseconds taken by light" Ereditato told AFP.


Under Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, however, a physical object cannot travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.


Newton's theory of gravity, still explains the movement of planets well enough to send missions into space, even if Einstein's theories proved that it was not quitecorrect.


Theoretical physicists are sure to begin searching for new explanations to account for the unsuspected quickness of neutrinos.


It could be that "the particles have found a shortcut in another dimension" besides the four - three in space, plus time - we know about.


"Or it could simply mean that the speed of light is not the speed limit we thought it was."

Dinosaur Feathers Found in Amber

The dinosaur feathers encased in amber

CNN - Dinosaur feathers discovered in 80-million-year-old amber provide new clues about dinosaurs.

Paleontologists made this discovery of feather specimens near Grassy Lake in southwestern Alberta, Canada, and described the results in the journal Science.

Researchers don't know which feathers were actually from birds that flew and which might have been from theropod dinosaurs, but the filament structures resembles those seen in other non-avian fossils.

There appear to be two types in the sample: those resembling the feathers of modern birds, and "protofeathers" which are similar to the hair-like structures found in a halo around dinosaur specimens from China in early Cretaceous rock. Those simpler feathers in the amber, which differ from what modern birds have, may have came from small, meat-eating dinosaurs.

"Sort of finding a dinosaur trapped in the amber itself, it’s the best we can do" said Ryan McKellar, a paleontology graduate student of the University of Alberta and lead author of the study.

Although the feather fragments themselves are tiny - ranging from only 2 to 8 millimeters in length - they are preserved in 3D in extraordinary detail, scientists say.

Even some of the pigment remains, so we know what color feathers may have covered these prehistoric creatures. The dinosaur-looking ones display a pale to dark brown color, while the bird-like feathers have a wide range of appearances: There are white downy feathers, as well as flattened, veined feathers of black, brown, and lots of shades in between.

The dinosaur-looking feathers resemble mammal hair-fur and would be useful for things like insulation, and perhaps camouflage and display. The bird-like feathers are even more specifically formed: Some fragments have structural adaptations for flight, and others show characteristics of being able to pick up water, so they could carry water back to their nests or dive better.

How do feather fragments get so well preserved?

About 80 million years ago, these feathers likely blew into some tree resin and, over time, it hardened into an intermediate stage called copal, which then turned to amber. The resin hardens as its volatile component dissipates, and what's left behind is similar to plastic in structure.

The amber used in jewelry today is usually about 17 million to 40 million years old; more than 65 million years old is too brittle for decorative purposes, meaning there probably aren't dinosaur feathers in your mother's amber necklace.

But insects do often get trapped in amber; in fact, McKellar and colleagues found a feather fragment trapped in a spider web in one of the pieces of amber. That's right, there were spiders making spider webs 80 million years ago.